Teachers' use of online scaffolding strategies in a poly-synchronous grammar course: Effect and perception of Indonesian EFL students
PDF

Keywords

scaffolding strategies
online learning
poly-synchronous grammar course
grammar proficiency
student perception

How to Cite

Teachers’ use of online scaffolding strategies in a poly-synchronous grammar course: Effect and perception of Indonesian EFL students. (2025). Computer-Assisted Language Learning Electronic Journal, 26(1), 114-128. https://doi.org/10.54855/callej.252618

Abstract

Technology-based scaffolding has emerged as an area of interest in EFL research, particularly in the context of grammar learning and comprehension. The current study sought to examine the impact of online teacher scaffolding on the grammatical proficiency of Indonesian EFL learners and the students' perceptions of the learning experience. For this purpose, 42 Indonesian EFL students, majoring in International Relations, were involved in this study. Utilizing a mixed method, this study employed t-tests to compare the efficacy of teachers' scaffolding in enhancing students' proficiency in online English grammar classes, with a particular focus on grammar for the TOEFL exam. Meanwhile, a semi-structured interview was employed to explore the students' perceptions regarding their experience in grammar online classes. The results showed that despite the limited duration of a few weeks, the post-test findings demonstrated a significant enhancement in the grammatical proficiency of Indonesian EFL learners through the implementation of technology-based teacher scaffolding. In addition, the students also elicited favourable responses regarding their participation in online grammar classes. The findings indicated that educators and instructors can effectively use certain scaffolding strategies in online learning for pedagogical purposes, especially online learning scaffolding for interaction.

PDF

References

Abdelaziz, H. A., & Al Zehmi, O. (2021). E-cognitive scaffolding: does it have an impact on the English grammar competencies of middle school underachieving students? Open Learning, 36(1), 5–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680513.2020.1774356

Abdous, M., & Yen, C. J. (2010). A predictive study of learner satisfaction and outcomes in face-to-face, satellite broadcast, and live video-streaming learning environments. Internet and Higher Education, 13(4), 248–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2010.04.005

Adedoyin, O. B., & Soykan, E. (2020). Covid-19 pandemic and online learning: The challenges and opportunities. Interactive Learning Environments, 0(0), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1813180

Ahmadi Safa, M., & Motaghi, F. (2021). Cognitive vs. metacognitive scaffolding strategies and EFL learners' listening comprehension development. Language Teaching Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688211021821

Ardinengtyas, A., & Himawan, A. N. (2021). Enhancing ELT classroom Using Moodle E-Learning during the pandemic: Students' and teachers' voices. IJEE (Indonesian Journal of English Education), 1(1), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.15408/ijee.v1i1.20220

Augustine, M. and Y. (2020). Online EFL teaching and learning: Advanced grammar class and washback effect in test. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 11, 23–35. Retrieved from https://techniumscience.com/index.php/socialsciences/article/view/332/124

Badaruddin, Noni, N., & Jabu, B. (2019). The potential of ICT in blended learning model toward education 4.0 need analysis-based learning design for ELT. Asian EFL Journal, 24(4).

Bautista, R. G. (2013). The reciprocal determinism of online scaffolding in sustaining a community of inquiry in physics. Journal of Technology and Science Education, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.75

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Cahyani, N. M. W. S., Suwastini, N. K. A., Dantes, G. R., Jayantini, I. G. A. S. R., & Susanthi, I. G. A. A. D. (2021). Blended online learning: Combining the strengths of synchronous and asynchronous online learning in EFL context. Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi Dan Kejuruan, 18(2), 174. https://doi.org/10.23887/jptk-undiksha.v18i2.34659

Cho, M. H., & Cho, Y. (2014). Instructor scaffolding for interaction and students' academic engagement in online learning: Mediating role of perceived online class goal structures. Internet and Higher Education, 21, 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2013.10.008

Cho, M. H., & Cho, Y. J. (2016). Online instructors' use of scaffolding strategies to promote interactions: A scale development study. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 17(6), 108–120. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v17i6.2816

Cho, M. H., & Summers, J. (2012). Factor validity of the motivated strategies for learning questionnaire (MSLQ) in asynchronous online learning environments (AOLE). Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 23(1), 5–28.

Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches. SAGE Publications Inc.

Dabbagh, N. (2003). Scaffolding: An important teacher competency in online learning. TechTrends, 47(2), 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02763424

Delen, E., Liew, J., & Willson, V. (2014). Effects of interactivity and instructional scaffolding on learning: Self-regulation in online video-based environments. Computers and Education, 78, 312–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.06.018

Du, M., & Qian, Y. (2022). Application of Massive Open Online Course to grammar teaching for English majors based on deep learning. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.755043

Ebrahimi, Z., & Sadighi, F. (2022). Comparing the effect of online teacher-scaffolding vs . peer-scaffolding on Iranian EFL learners' grammatical achievement. Journal of Studies in Learning and Teaching English, 11(1), 97–120.

Eni Faridah. (2022). Bridging up challenges and mentality of online learning from pre to post-pandemic to develop ELT performance. JEES (Journal of English Educators Society), 7(1). https://doi.org/10.21070/jees.v7i1.1656

Ferheen Bukhari, S. S., & Mahmoud Basaffar, F. (2019). EFL Learners' Perception about Integrating Blended Learning in ELT. Arab World English Journal, (5), 190–205. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/call5.14

Firdaus, M. S., Prastikawati, E. F., & Wiyaka, W. (2022). Online formative assessments in English teaching and learning. SALEE: Study of Applied Linguistics and English Education, 3(1), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.35961/salee.v3i1.310

Glazewski, K. D., & Hmelo-Silver, C. E. (2019). Scaffolding and supporting use of information for ambitious learning practices. Information and Learning Science, 120(1–2), 39–58. https://doi.org/10.1108/ILS-08-2018-0087

Halim, T., Wahid, R., & Halim, S. (2021). Challenges of teaching and learning grammar in online classes at the tertiary level. ELT Forum: Journal of English Language Teaching, 10(3), 212–221. https://doi.org/10.15294/elt.v10i3.47970

Hanjani, A. M., & Li, L. (2014). Exploring L2 writers' collaborative revision interactions and their writing performance. System, 44(1), 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2014.03.004

Haque, M. N. H., & Md. Mozaffor Hossain. (2022). Virtual assessment in English language teaching during COVID-19 Pandemic: Challenges and considerations in Bangladesh perspectives. Script Journal: Journal of Linguistics and English Teaching, 7(2), 273–298. https://doi.org/10.24903/sj.v7i2.1008

Hasanuddin, P. A., Md Zin, Z., Yamin, N. A., Balbir Singh, H. K. a/p, Sulaiman, Z., Magiman, M. M., … Pauzi, M. F. (2022). Enhancing students critical thinking skills in writing by promoting ESP-based language learning environment. International Journal of Health Sciences. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6ns1.8221

Inayati, N., & Karifianto, D. M. (2022). Supports to self-regulated learning in the online grammar course. Journal of Asia TEFL, 19(3), 1033–1043. https://doi.org/10.18823/asiatefl.2022.19.3.18.1033

Inayati, N., Karifianto, D. M., Malang, M., Timur, J., & E-mail, I. (2022). Online English Grammar Instruction Approach During Pandemic Times Using Polysynchronous, 8(1), 1–14.

Inayati, N., & Mawan, D. (2021). Student awareness , attitude , affordances , and challenges in online autonomous English language learning Kesadaran , sikap , kemampuan , dan tantangan siswa dalam pembelajaran bahasa Inggris mandiri. Bahasa Dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, Dan Pengajarannya, 49(1), 28–39.

Jena, A. K., & Gupta, S. (2019). Effects of online technology based scaffolding on asynchronous learning performance of students. Think India Journal, 22(14), 6919–6939. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED601221

Jumaat, N. F., & Tasir, Z. (2014). Instructional scaffolding in online learning environment: A meta-analysis. Proceedings - 2014 International Conference on Teaching and Learning in Computing and Engineering, LATICE 2014, (April), 74–77. https://doi.org/10.1109/LaTiCE.2014.22

Kayi-Aydar, H. (2013). Scaffolding language learning in an academic ESL classroom. ELT Journal, 67(3), 324–335. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/cct016

Khoiriyah, K. (2021). Flipping the classroom to enhance EFL students' listening skill. Journal on English as a Foreign Language, 11(1), 21–41. https://doi.org/10.23971/jefl.v11i1.2010

Kim, J. Y., & Lim, K. Y. (2019). Promoting learning in online, ill-structured problem solving: The effects of scaffolding type and metacognition level. Computers and Education, 138, 116–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.05.001

Krajka, J. (2021). Teaching grammar and vocabulary in COViD-19 times: Approaches used in online teaching in Polish schools during a pandemic. JALT CALL Journal, 17(2), 112–134. https://doi.org/10.29140/JALTCALL.V17N2.379

Li, L. (2022). Students' isolation challenges in blended EFL learning during COVID-19: How can social presence and interaction help develop sense of community? Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15(October), 3117–3131. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S388317

Liu, Z., Hua, J., & Zhang, Z. (2022). Scaffolding instruction in virtual language learning. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 13(2), 386–391. https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1302.20

Mamun, M. A. Al, Lawrie, G., & Wright, T. (2020). Instructional design of scaffolded online learning modules for self-directed and inquiry-based learning environments. Computers and Education, 144(May 2019), 103695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103695

Moore, M. G. (1989). Editorial: Three types of interaction. American Journal of Distance Education, 3(2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923648909526659

Nguyen, Q. (2022). Teachers' scaffolding strategies in Internet-based ELT classes. Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language--TESL-EJ, 26(101), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.55593/ej.26101a1

Oh, E. G., & Kim, H. S. (2016). Understanding cognitive engagement in online discussion: Use of a scaffolded, audio-based argumentation activity. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 17(5), 28–48. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v17i5.2456

Phillips, D. (2003). Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test. New York: Pierson Education.

Privitera, G. J., & Delzell, L. A. (2019). Quasy-Experimental and Single-Case Experimental Designs. In Research Methods for Education (pp. 333–370). SAGE Publications.

Saeed, F., Rashid, A., Saleem, W., & Afzal, M. S. (2021). Implications of computer-aided learning in ELT for second language learners and teachers during Covid-19. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.93154

Salyers, V., Carter, L., Cairns, S., & Durrer, L. (2014). The use of scaffolding and interactive learning strategies in online courses for working nurses: Implications for Adult and online education. Canadian Journal of University Continuing Education, 40(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.21225/d59s3z

Sugiyati, K., & Indriani, L. (2022). Utilizing Teams-Game-Tournament (TGT) to enhance students' grammatical understanding in online learning setting. Metathesis: Journal of English Language, Literature, and Teaching, 6(2), 168–178. https://doi.org/10.31002/metathesis.v6i2.154

Sumardi, S., & Muamaroh, M. (2020). Edmodo impacts: Mediating digital class and assessment in english language teaching. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 39(2), 319–331. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v39i2.30065

Sun, A., & Chen, X. (2016). Online education and its effective practice: A research review. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 15(2016). https://doi.org/10.28945/3502

Suwastini, N. K. A., Ersani, N. P. D., Padmadewi, N. N., & Artini, L. P. (2021). Schemes of Scaffolding in Online Education. RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa, 7(1), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.22225/jr.7.1.2941.10-18

Wilson, K., & Devereux, L. (2014). Scaffolding theory: High challenge, high support in Academic Language and Learning (ALL) contexts. Journal of Academic Language & Learning, 8(3), A91–A100.

Wong, J., Baars, M., Davis, D., Van Der Zee, T., Houben, G. J., & Paas, F. (2019). Supporting self-regulated learning in online learning environments and MOOCs: A systematic review. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 35(4–5), 356–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2018.1543084

Xie, J., & Zhang, G. (2012). ELT teachers' role within E-Learning and communicative teaching from students' perceptions. Creative Education, 3(7), 158–161. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2012.37b041

Zhang, M., & Quintana, C. (2012). Scaffolding strategies for supporting middle school students' online inquiry processes. Computers and Education, 58(1), 181–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.07.016

Zuhriyah, M., & Laili, E. N. (2022). Blended synchronous and asynchronous Learning: Its effectiveness for teaching grammar. Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa Dan Pembelajaran Bahasa, 16(2), 108–117. https://doi.org/10.24036/ld.v16i2.116942

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2025 Author and CALL-EJ